內容列表(Table of Contents)

2. 專有名詞, 標記法, 和參考資料(Terms, notation, and references)

The phrase See: is used throughout this Standard to direct the reader to other sections of the Standard that have a direct bearing on the current section.

在標準中 必須(shall) 聲明了一個系統或程式的需求; 相反地, 必須不(shall not) 是禁止某事; 不必要(need not) 表示 不一定須要 做某事; 應該(should) 描述標準的建議; 而 可以(may) 依照情況, 表示 允許 或 可以發生.

In this Standard, shall states a requirement on a system or program; conversely, shall not is a prohibition; need not means is not required to; should describes a recommendation of the Standard; and may, depending on context, means is allowed to or might happen.

在整個標準中, 鉛字字體是以下列的方式使用的:

Throughout the Standard, typefaces are used in the following manner:

• 成比例的襯線鉛字字體是用來顯示文字, 而斜字體是用來代表符號及 第一次出現的專有名詞;
• 粗體的沒有襯線的鉛字體是用來表示標題;
• 粗體的 monospaced 襯線鉛字字體是用來表示 Forth 語言的文字.

• This proportional serif typeface is used for text, with italic used for symbols and the first appearance of new terms;
• A bold proportional sans-serif typeface is used for headings;
• A bold monospaced serif typeface is used for Forth-language text.

Terms defined in this section are used generally throughout this Standard. Additional terms specific to individual word sets are defined in those word sets. Other terms are defined at their first appearance, indicated by italic type. Terms not defined in this Standard are to be construed according to the Dictionary for Information Systems, ANSI X3.172-1990.

位址單位:

依照前後關聯的上下文, 可能是:
1) Forth 位址空間分割的單位, 為了尋找資料物件的位置, 像是字元和變數.
2) 對應到這些單元的實體記憶體儲存元素;
3) 這樣的記憶體儲存元素的內容;
4) 一個記憶體區域的長度表現的單位.

address unit:

Depending on context, either 1) the units into which a Forth address space is divided for the purposes of locating data objects such as characters and variables; 2) the physical memory storage elements corresponding to those units; 3) the contents of such a memory storage element; or 4) the units in which the length of a region of memory is expressed.

對齊的位址:

在一個字元、單元、單元對、或是雙單元整數的 記憶體位置的位址是可以被存取的.

aligned address:

The address of a memory location at which a character, cell, cell pair, or double-cell integer can be accessed.

模稜兩可的情況:

一個標準並未預先描述 Forth 系統和應用程式 應該如何反應的特殊情況.

ambiguous condition:

A circumstance for which this Standard does not prescribe a specific behavior for Forth systems and programs.

模稜兩可的情況包含在分析、嘗試存取一個不存在的檔案或嘗試使用一個不存在的 詞時缺乏定義符號. 當一個標準詞被傳進不適合的或是超過範圍的數值時, 也會產生 模稜兩可的情況.

Ambiguous conditions include such things as the absence of a needed delimiter while parsing, attempted access to a nonexistent file, or attempted use of a nonexistent word. An ambiguous condition also exists when a Standard word is passed values that are improper or out of range.

單元:

一個 Forth 系統架構中的主要資訊單位.

cell:

The primary unit of information in the architecture of a Forth system.

單元對:

兩個單元被當成一個單一的單位.

cell pair:

Two cells that are treated as a single unit.

字元:

依照前後關聯的上下文, 可能是:
1) 一個存放一個一個字元的儲存單位能力;
2) 一個字元集的成員.

character:

Depending on context, either 1) a storage unit capable of holding a character; or 2) a member of a character set.

對齊的字元位址:

在一個字元的記憶體位置的位址是可以被存取的.

character-aligned address:

The address of a memory location at which a character can be accessed.

字元字串:

資料空間結合了一串連續的相鄰對齊的字元位址. 字元字串通常包含文字. 除非特別提示, 專有名詞 字串 的意思是 字元字串.

character string:

Data space that is associated with a sequence of consecutive character-aligned addresses. Character strings usually contain text. Unless otherwise indicated, the term string means character string.

程式碼空間:

詞典中實作詞語義的邏輯的區域.

code space:

The logical area of the dictionary in which word semantics are implemented.

編譯:

將原始碼改變成詞典的定義.

compile:

To transform source code into dictionary definitions.

編譯語意:

文字解譯器在編譯狀態時遇見一個 Forth 定義名字時的行為.

compilation semantics:

The behavior of a Forth definition when its name is encountered by the text interpreter in compilation state.

計數字串:

一個資料結構, 由一個包含跟隨長度的字元及零或多個連續的字元組成. 一般情形下, 計數字串包含文字.

counted string:

A data structure consisting of one character containing a length followed by zero or more contiguous data characters. Normally, counted strings contain text.

交錯的編譯器:

可編譯一個程式為了稍後在實際或邏輯上不同於編譯程式環境執行的一個系統. 在一個交錯的編譯器中, 專有名詞 主機 是指編譯環境, 而專有名詞 目標主機 是指執行環境.

cross compiler:

A system that compiles a program for later execution in an environment that may be physically and logically different from the compiling environment. In a cross compiler, the term host applies to the compiling environment, and the term target applies to the run-time environment.

目前的定義:

已經開始編譯, 但是尚未結束的定義.

current definition:

The definition whose compilation has been started but not yet ended.

資料欄:

透過 CREATE 定義的詞中相關的資料空間.

data field:

The data space associated with a word defined via CREATE.

資料空間:

詞典中可被存取的邏輯區域.

data space:

The logical area of the dictionary that can be accessed.

資料空間指標:

下一個可用的資料空間位置的位址, 例如: 這個值可由 HERE 傳回.

data-space pointer:

The address of the next available data space location, i.e., the value returned by HERE.

資料堆疊:

可以用來定義之間傳參數的堆疊. 在沒有可能混亂的情形下, 資料堆疊可以 簡稱為 堆疊. 相對於返回堆疊.

data stack:

A stack that may be used for passing parameters between definitions. When there is no possibility of confusion, the data stack is referred to as the stack. Contrast with return stack.

資料型別:

一個資料物件可以有的值集合.

data type:

An identifier for the set of values that a data object may have.

定義詞:

一個 Forth 詞, 在執行時會創造一個新的定義.

defining word:

A Forth word that creates a new definition when executed.

定義:

將一個 Forth 執行程序編譯進入詞典中.

definition:

A Forth execution procedure compiled into the dictionary.

詞典:

一個可延伸的結構包含了定義及相關的資料空間.

dictionary:

An extensible structure that contains definitions and associated data space.

顯示:

將一個或多個字元輸出到使用者輸出裝置.

display:

To send one or more characters to the user output device.

環境的依賴:

一個程式隱含地假定一個 Forth 系統的實作選項或是底層的硬體. 例如, 一個程式假定單元的大小大於 16 位元就是一個對環境的依賴.

environmental dependencies:

A program's implicit assumptions about a Forth system's implementation options or underlying hardware. For example, a program that assumes a cell size greater than 16 bits is said to have an environmental dependency.

執行語義:

一個 Forth 定義執行時的行為.

execution semantics:

The behavior of a Forth definition when it is executed.

執行代號:

一個識別執行語義的數值.

execution token:

A value that identifies the execution semantics of a definition.

尋找:

在詞典中找出一個給定的字串的定義名字.

find:

To search the dictionary for a definition name matching a given string.

直譯詞:

一個 Forth 詞, 它的編譯語義是執行它的執行語義.

immediate word:

A Forth word whose compilation semantics are to perform its execution semantics.

實作時指定:

表示系統的行為或特性必須在一個系統中供應並提供文件, 但是進一步 的細節並未預先在標準中描述.

implementation defined:

Denotes system behaviors or features that must be provided and documented by a system but whose further details are not prescribed by this Standard.

依實作而定:

表示系統的行為或特性必須在一個系統中供應, 但是進一步的細節 並未預先在標準中描述.

implementation dependent:

Denotes system behaviors or features that must be provided by a system but whose further details are not prescribed by this Standard.

輸入緩衝區:

一塊記憶體的區域, 包含了輸入來源讀入的字元, 目前正被一個程式使用中.

input buffer:

A region of memory containing the sequence of characters from the input source that is currently accessible to a program.

輸入來源:

裝置、檔案、區塊或是其他提供字元來重新填滿輸入緩衝區的實體.

input source:

The device, file, block, or other entity that supplies characters to refill the input buffer.

輸入來源明細表:

一個描述輸入來源、輸入緩衝區、分析區的資訊的集合. 如果能適當地 儲存及回存, 這個資訊足以允許巢狀地操作分析同樣或不同的輸入來源.

input source specification:

A set of information describing a particular state of the input source, input buffer, and parse area. This information is sufficient, when saved and restored properly, to enable the nesting of parsing operations on the same or different input sources.

解譯語義:

一個 Forth 定義的名字被文字解譯器在解譯模式使用時的行為.

interpretation semantics:

The behavior of a Forth definition when its name is encountered by the text interpreter in interpretation state.

初始語義:

一個 Forth 定義或是一個跟隨著 DOES> 部分後的 Forth 定義, 開始執行時的行為.

initiation semantics:

The behavior of a Forth definition, or of the portion of a Forth definition following DOES>, when it begins execution.

鍵盤事件:

系統指示使用者在使用者輸入裝置輸入一個數值. 在這份文件中專有名詞 鍵盤 並不排除其他型式的使用者輸入裝置.

keyboard event:

A value received by the system denoting a user action at the user input device. The term keyboard in this document does not exclude other types of user input devices.

行:

跟隨著一個實際的或是暗示的行結束符號的一串連續的字元.

line:

A sequence of characters followed by an actual or implied line terminator.

名稱空間:

詞典存放定義名稱的邏輯區域.

name space:

The logical area of the dictionary in which definition names are stored.

數字:

在這個標準中, 沒有其他條件的 數字 就是 整數. 相同地, 雙數字 表示 雙單元整數.

number:

In this Standard, number used without other qualification means integer. Similarly, double number means double-cell integer.

分析:

用指定的界定符號集合來從分析區選擇及除去一個字元字串.

parse:

To select and exclude a character string from the parse area using a specified set of delimiting characters, called delimiters.

分析區:

輸入緩衝區中尚未被分析的部分, 因此提供給系統的文字解譯器或是其他 的分析操作來作接著的處理.

parse area:

The portion of the input buffer that has not yet been parsed, and is thus available to the system for subsequent processing by the text interpreter and other parsing operations.

圖表數字輸出:

一種數字顯示格式, 而它的數字是以 Forth 詞來轉換的, 用像是符號式的 圖表 產生需求輸出.

pictured-numeric output:

A number display format in which the number is converted using Forth words that resemble a symbolic picture of the desired output.

程式:

一個完全的執行設計清單, 可以達成一個特定的功能 (應用程式的工作), 以 Forth 原始碼格式表示.

program:

A complete specification of execution to achieve a specific function (application task) expressed in Forth source code form.

接收:

從使用者輸入裝置中取得字元.

receive:

To obtain characters from the user input device.

返回堆疊:

一個可以用來做程式巢狀執行、DO-LOOP 執行、暫存空間及其他用途的堆疊.

return stack:

A stack that may be used for program execution nesting, do-loop execution, temporary storage, and other purposes.

標準詞:

一個正式地定義在這個標準中的有名字的 Forth 程序.

standard word:

A named Forth procedure, formally specified in this Standard.

使用者輸入裝置:

目前選擇作為接收資料來源的輸入裝置, 通常是鍵盤.

user input device:

The input device currently selected as the source of received data, typically a keyboard.

使用者輸出裝置:

目前選擇作為輸出資料的目的地顯示裝置.

user output device:

The output device currently selected as the destination of display data.

變數:

一個有名字的資料空間區域, 可由它的記憶體位置定位及存取.

variable:

A named region of data space located and accessed by its memory address.

詞:

依照上下文, 可能是 1) 一個 Forth 定義的名字; 或是 2) 分析過的非空白字元, 它可以是一個 Forth 定義的名字.

word:

Depending on context, either 1) the name of a Forth definition; or 2) a parsed sequence of non-space characters, which could be the name of a Forth definition.

詞列表:

一串相關聯的 Forth 定義名字, 它們可以在一個詞典搜尋中被檢視.

word list:

A list of associated Forth definition names that may be examined during a dictionary search.

詞集:

一個 Forth 定義的集合, 在標準中分類在一起是以一個名字顯示的相同觀點, 通常是它們的共同功能範圍.

word set:

A set of Forth definitions grouped together in this Standard under a name indicating some shared aspect, typically their common functional area.

See: A.2.1 專有名詞的定義(Definition of terms), RFI 0005 初始化的語義(Initiation semantics), RFI 0007 在 "即時性" 和 "特別編譯語義" 之間的差別(Distinction between immediacy and special compilation semantics).

Unless otherwise stated, all references to numbers apply to signed single-cell integers. The inclusive range of values is shown as {from...to}. The allowable range for the contents of an address is shown in double braces, particularly for the contents of variables, e.g., BASE {{2...36}}.

Stack parameters input to and output from a definition are described using the notation:

( stack-id  before -- after )

這裡的 stack-id 是指定要描述哪一個堆疊, before 是表示在執行定義之前的 堆疊參數資料型別, after 表示執行後的堆疊參數資料型別. 用於 before 與 after 之間的符號顯示於 表格 3.1.

where stack-id specifies which stack is being described, before represents the stack-parameter data types before execution of the definition and after represents them after execution. The symbols used in before and after are shown in table 3.1.

流程控制 stack-id 是 C:, 資料堆疊的 stack-id 是 S:, 而返回堆疊的 stack-id R:. 在不會混亂的情形下, 資料堆疊的 stack-id 可以省略.

The control-flow-stack stack-id is C:, the data-stack stack-id is S:, and the return-stack stack-id is R:. When there is no confusion, the data-stack stack-id may be omitted.

在有替代的 after 代表時, 它們以 after1 | after2 的方式來描述. 堆疊的最上層在右邊. 只有在執行時需要及提供的堆疊項目才會被顯示.

When there are alternate after representations, they are described by after1 | after2. The top of the stack is to the right. Only those stack items required for or provided by execution of the definition are shown.

See: A.2.2.2 堆疊標記法(Stack notation)

( S: before "待分析文字的縮寫" -- after ).

If, in addition to using stack parameters, a definition parses text, that text is specified by an abbreviation from table 2.1, shown surrounded by double-quotes and placed between the before parameters and the -- separator in the first stack described, e.g.,

( S: before "parsed-text-abbreviation" -- after ).

Table 2.1 - 待分析文字的縮寫(Parsed text abbreviations)

縮寫            描述
------------    -----------
<char>          標示被分析的字串結束的分界符號
<chars>         零或多個連續不斷的字元
<space>         一個空白分界符號
<spaces>        零或多個連續不斷的空白字元
<quote>         一個雙引號分界符號
<paren>         一個右括弧分界符號
<eol>           一個隱含地分界符號標明一行的結束
ccc             一個分析過的任意的字元序列, 去除了分界符號字元
name            一個由空白結尾的標記, 相等於ccc<space> 或 ccc<eol>

Abbreviation    Description
------------    -----------
<char>          the delimiting character marking the end of the
                string being parsed
<chars>         zero or more consecutive occurrences of the
                character char
<space>         a delimiting space character
<spaces>        zero or more consecutive occurrences of the
                character space
<quote>         a delimiting double quote
<paren>         a delimiting right parenthesis
<eol>           an implied delimiter marking the end of a line
ccc             a parsed sequence of arbitrary characters,
                excluding the delimiter character
name            a token delimited by space, equivalent to
                ccc<space> or ccc<eol>

The glossary entries for each word set are listed in the standard ASCII collating sequence. Each glossary entry specifies an ANS Forth word and consists of two parts: an index line and the semantic description of the definition.

The index line is a single-line entry containing, from left to right:

• 區號, 最後四個數字是在標準中所有的詞最後都被指定的一個連續性的 唯一的數字;
• 定義名, 是大寫格式、單空鉛、粗體字元;
• 如果發音不同於英文的話, 用引號圍住的自然語言發音;
• 列於表格 2.2 的詞集稱呼. 延伸詞集包含了 EXT 字樣.

• Section number, the last four digits of which assign a unique sequential number to all words included in this Standard;
• DEFINITION-NAME in upper-case, mono-spaced, bold-face letters;
• Natural-language pronunciation in quotes if it differs from English;
• Word-set designator from table 2.2. The designation for extensions word sets includes EXT.

Table 2.2 - 詞集稱呼(Word set designators)

詞集                            稱呼
--------                        ----------
核心詞集                        CORE
區塊詞集                        BLOCK
雙數值詞集                      DOUBLE
例外詞集                        EXCEPTION
設備詞集                        FACILITY
檔案存取詞集                    FILE
浮點詞集                        FLOATING
區域變數詞集                    LOCALS
記憶體配置詞集                  MEMORY
程式設計工具詞集                TOOLS
搜尋順序詞集                    SEARCH
字串詞集                        STRING

Word set                        Designator
--------                        ----------
Core word set                   CORE
Block word set                  BLOCK
Double-Number word set          DOUBLE
Exception word set              EXCEPTION
Facility word set               FACILITY
File-Access word set            FILE
Floating-Point word set         FLOATING
Locals word set                 LOCALS
Memory-Allocation word set      MEMORY
Programming-Tools word set      TOOLS
Search-Order word set           SEARCH
String-Handling word set        STRING

The first paragraph of the semantic description contains a stack notation for each stack affected by execution of the word. The remaining paragraphs contain a text description of the semantics. See 3.4.3 Semantics.

The following national and international standards are referenced in this Standard:

ANSI X3.172-1990, 資訊系統字典 (2.1 專有名詞的定義(Definition of terms));

ANSI X3.172-1990, Dictionary for information systems (2.1 Definition of terms);

ANSI X3.4-1974, 資訊交換美國標準字元 (ASCII) (3.1.2.1 圖形字元(Graphic characters));

ANSI X3.4-1974, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) (3.1.2.1 Graphic characters);

ISO 646-1983, ISO 資訊交換 7 位元字集, 國際參考版(IRV) (3.1.2.1 圖形字元(Graphic characters));

ISO 646-1983, ISO 7-bit coded characterset for information interchange, International Reference Version (IRV) (3.1.2.1 Graphic characters);

ANSI/IEEE 754-1985, 浮點運算標準 (12.2.1 專有名詞的定義(Definition of terms)).

ANSI/IEEE 754-1985, Floating-point standard (12.2.1 Definition of terms).